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TSMC's Arizona fab has turned profitable, surprising the market and supply chain after years of warnings from founder Morris Chang and others that overseas fabs could lose money. Supply-chain sources say the US plant has now benefited from six years of process tweaks and ramp-up, while three factors drove the turnaround.

TSMC's board of directors approved a US$31.3 billion capital budget on May 12 for advanced-process capacity buildout, factory construction, and fab infrastructure — and separately approved a capital injection of up to US$20 billion into its wholly owned US subsidiary, TSMC Arizona.

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