'Atomic-scale engineering': How today's semiconductors are pushing physics to its limits - WION

Modern semiconductor technology is pushing the boundaries of classical physics as transistors shrink to atomic scales. As gate thickness approaches just a few atoms, quantum tunneling becomes a critic... Read original →

As semiconductor fabrication approaches atomic scales, quantum effects have transitioned from theoretical concerns to critical manufacturing challenges. The widespread adoption of Gate-All-Around (GAA) transistors signals the end of conventional transistor design, with EUV lithography tools like ASML's High-NA systems becoming essential enablers. However, the increasing reliance on these advanced tools intensifies geopolitical tensions, particularly with supply chain restrictions. AI chip demand is accelerating the push toward atomic-level engineering, forcing upstream suppliers to upgrade materials and equipment while downstream designers must reevaluate power-performance trade-offs. In the near term, the race to control atomic-scale fabrication will define the next era of chip innovation, with dominance in this domain correlating directly to leadership in AI and future computing.